Which Italian state emerged as a great commercial and naval power during the Crusades?

The correct answer is Venice, which indeed emerged as a great commercial and naval power during the Crusades. Venice's strategic location along the Adriatic Sea positioned it as a central hub for maritime trade between Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean. During the Crusades, particularly the Fourth Crusade, Venice played a pivotal role by providing ships and logistical support to Crusading forces. This not only enhanced its wealth but also expanded its influence over trade routes and territories in the eastern Mediterranean.

The city's expertise in shipbuilding and navigation allowed it to dominate maritime commerce, establishing its reputation as one of the leading naval powers of the time. The wealth accumulated from trade with the Byzantine Empire and beyond further solidified Venice's status. This period marked the rise of Venice as a major player in European and global trade networks, making it a significant power during and after the Crusades.

The other Italian states mentioned did not achieve the same level of maritime dominance during this period. Florence, known for its banking and textile industries, had a different economic focus. The Papal States were predominantly religious and political in nature, focusing on ecclesiastical governance rather than trade. Milan was a critical military and economic center, especially in the later medieval period, but it did not seize the same